Japanese are also used by a number of residents who had conquered the country such as Korea and the Republic of China .He also can be heard in the United States ( California and Hawaii ) and Brazil due to the emigration of Japanese to get there.But their descendants are called Nisei (二世, second generation), no longer fluent in that language.
Japanese divided the two forms Hyoujungo (标准语), the standard substitutions, and Kyoutsugo (共通语), common substitutions. Hyoujungo is a form that is taught in schools and used on television and all official communications.
Vowel pronunciation
Japanese has five vowels, namely / a /, / i /, / u /, / e /, and / o /.
Japanese vowel pronunciation similar to the Malay language . For example:
- / A / as' b a pa "
- / I / like " i bu "
- / U / as " u belly "
- / E / such as " e ass "
- / O / like " o drill "
Japanese writing
Japanese written language came from the writings of China (汉字 / kanji) which was introduced in the fourth century AD. Prior to this, the Japanese did not have its own writing system.
Japanese text is divided into three:
- script Kanji (汉字) originating from China
- characters Hiragana (ひらがな) and
- characters Katakana (カタカナ); both berunsur than writing kanji and developed in the eighth century AD by the priest the Buddha to help melafazkan Chinese characters.
Both of these last characters called kana and both are influenced phonetic Sanskrit . It can still be seen in order of Kana characters. In addition, there is also a system alihaksara called romaji .
Japanese language as we know it today, using a combination of letters written by Kanji, Hiragana, Katakana and. Kanji is used to express the basic meaning of the word (either noun, verb, adjective, or the article). Hiragana kanji to be written after changing the basic meaning of the word, and adapt them to Japanese grammar rules.
Kana
Hiragana and Katakana characters (kana) has a sequence as shown below, has 46 sets of letters each. Both (Hiragana and Katakana) do not have any meaning, like the alphabet in Indonesian, only represents a certain sound, although there are also words in Japanese that consist of a single 'syllable', like me (eyes), ki (tree ), ni (two), and so on. This alphabet is taught at the pre-school (kindergarten) in Japan.
Starch
Lots of starch which was adapted from the Chinese, giving rise to many difficulties in reading it. Dai Jiten Kanji is a kanji dictionary ever built, and contains 30,000 kanji. Most kanji are extinct, only found in the dictionary, and very limited use, as in writing a person's name.
Therefore, the Government of Japan made a new regulation regarding the number of kanji characters in the Joyo Kanji or kanji everyday restricted to 1945 characters only. Kanji characters symbolize a specific meaning. A Kanji can be read in two readings, namely Onyōmi (adapted from China how to read) and Kunyōmi (how to read the original Japanese). A kanji can have multiple readings and Kunyomi Onyomi.
Punctuation mark
In Japanese sentences there is no separating spaces between words and no spaces to separate between words. Although not a standard punctuation, sometimes also found the use of question marks and exclamation marks at the end of the sentence.
Punctuation is known in Japanese:
- . (句点/ kuten) function is similar to the punctuation point to end the sentence.
- , (読点/ toten) function is similar to the punctuation comma to separate the parts in the text to improve readability
Numbers And Counting System
Japanese people in ancient times (and in sufficient quantity is limited on these days) using the numbers of Chinese , who then brought to Korea and to Japan. The following is a list of Japanese figures.
| 一 One | 二 Two | 三 Three | 四 Four | 五 Five | 六 Six | 七 Seven | 八 Eight | 九 Nine | 十 Ten |
After the Empire of Japan began to be influenced by Europe , the numbers are Arabic began to be used on a large scale, and almost completely replace the use of these Chinese figures.
In use in the Japanese language, and fortunately are also somewhat similar in the Indonesian language, these figures can not be used as it is only to declare an amount of an item, the time and so on. First of all kinds of goods should be considered, and its size, and eventually the number. Method for calculating the time and date were different, then one thing to do is memorize these numbers to join the unit.
How to Calculate
In General
To say a fruit that is ひとつ (Hitotsu), and so adding the letter tsu (つ)
Thin
Just need to add the unit normal number まい (mai) as a suffix, eg a sheet いち まい (ichimai), and so on. Can be used to calculate the amount of paper, clothes, stamps, and other thin object.
Large
Just need to add the unit normal number だい (dai) as a suffix, eg: 1 piece いちだい (ichidai), and so on. Can be used to calculate a large number of electronic goods, or goods in large, such as televisions, refrigerators, homes, cars and so on
Counting the People
To utter an unusual and so use the numbers to add units に ん (nin), for example: 3 people さん に ん (sannin) 7 people しち に ん (shichinin)
Grammar
Tata sentences in Japanese using the subject-object rule. Subject, object and other grammatical relations are marked with the usual particles, which penetrate between the sentence and called the final position (postposition). Basic structure of a sentence using the topic branch. Examples are, Kochira-wa Tanaka-san desu (こちらは田中さんです). Kochira ("this") is the subject of this sentence. Is the verb " desu "which means" it is "in English. And lastly, Tanaka-san desu is a branch or a comment of this topic.
Inflection and conjugation
In Japanese, nouns do not have a numeral shape, gender, or other aspects. For example the noun hon (本) which may mean one or more books. Also on the word hito (人) which may mean the person or group of people. Word to refer to people generally in the singular, for example, Harada-san . If the plural of the word call, usually called -tachi .
Questions have the same form with an affirmative sentence. Intonation will escalate each end of the sentence a question. In formal situations, usually accompanied by the phrase the question particle -ka . For example, the sentence ii desu (いいです.) which means "right" to form ii desu ka (いいですか?) which means "May I?". Usually in informal situations, particle -no (の) to indicate emphasis, for example, the sentence Doshite konai-no? which means "Why did (you) do not come?".
Negative sentence is formed by changing the verb form. For example the sentence Pan o taberu (パンを食べる.) which means "I'll eat the bread) to Pan-o tabenai (パンを食べない.) which means" I will not eat bread ".
Adjektive
There are three forms of adjectives in Japanese:
- 形容词( keiyoshi ) the addition of particle-i, which has a suffix conjugationい(i). For example:暑い日( atsui hi ) which means "hot day"
- 形容动词( keiyodoshi ) the addition of particle-na. Example:変なひと( henna hito ) which means "strange"
- 连体词( rentaishi ) is actually an adjective. Example:あの山( yama ano )
Particle
Japanese also has some of the particles, namely:
- が ga for the nominative
- に ni to form dative.
- の no for the forms of genital
- を o for the accusative form
Courtesy
Usually for a higher honor, as the minister or the director, the Japanese used the so-called polite (丁宁语) teineigo . To name the minister, ending with the particles together or -Sangi . Example: Katsumoto-Sangi (勝本ー参議). To get acquainted, we should use the polite form of language. But, if you are already familiar, we may use a common language.
Vocabulary
Original Japanese language is derived from the original language of Japanese settlers anciently called Yamato kotoba (大和言葉) meaning vocabulary Yamato . Japanese vocabulary largely rooted in or derived from the Chinese called kango (汉语) is entered in the 5th century through the Korean Peninsula . Japan adopted the vocabulary of many English words adopted are generally written using katakana characters. Example:マイカー( maikaa - the same as the pronunciation of "my car") which means "my car"
Learn Japanese
Some universities internationally in the world to teach the Japanese language. The beginning of interest in learning Japanese as the 18th century AD, and jumped when the Japanese began to lead the world economy in 1980. Japanese increasingly in demand due to world domination cartoons ( anime and manga ) worldwide. Most of otaku (anime fans) can speak Japanese, though only the bottom. The Government of Japan as the Japanese governing party providing similar proficiency test TOEFL is JLPT (Japanese Language Proficiency Test).
Japanese kinship
Experts do not know the exact language of Japanese kinship with other languages. There is a link to the Altaic languages , but there is also a link to the Austronesian languages . In addition, there are also similarities in grammar and sentence structure as well as phonetically in Korean even though the vocabulary is not so similar.
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