Function verbs
We have learned how to describe nouns in various ways to use other nouns and adjectives . With this capability, we can express quite a lot of things. However, we still can not express action. This is for verbs (verb)! Verbs in Japanese are always placed at the end of the clause. Since we have not learned how to make more than one clause, for the moment these rules mean that every sentence has a verb to put the verb at the end. We will recognize two main categories of verbs, which will allow us to learn the rules of conjugation. Before going any further, there is one important thing you must remember always:| Sentence that is grammatically complete only require verbs (including the statement of the state of the object). |
In other words, unlike the Indonesian language, you really only need a verb to make a proper sentence. No topic is also no problem! Understand the fundamental nature is very important to understand the Japanese language. This is why the Japanese sentence even the most simple can not be interpreted at face value into Indonesian. All the conjugate will start from the dictionary form (as the words appear in the dictionary).
Sentences that are grammatically complete
(1) 食べる . - Eating. (Translation is possible: I eat / he eats / they eat)
(1) 食べる . - Eating. (Translation is possible: I eat / he eats / they eat)
Grouping of verbs into verbs and verbs-ru-u
Almost all the verbs in Japanese can be classified into two:-ru verbs ( 一段动词) and verb-u ( 五段动词). Verbs that are outside that category is " する"which means" do "and" 来る"which means" come ". All the existing rules of conjugation is almost the same for each group. The way to distinguish verbs and verb-ru-u pretty easy.
Remember that all verbs ending kana called okurigana, we can change for conjugation. If you write a verb that uses the Latin alphabet (" ローマ字 "in Japanese) and was terminated" iru "or" pine ", then usually it is a verb-ru. For example, the romanization of " 食べる "is a" tab pine ". He concludes "pine" and the verb-ru. Another example is the verb-ru " 起きる "which romanisasinya is" ok iru ". Other verbs akhirannya not "iru" or "pine" certainly is a verb-u.
But there is one hitch here. Note that all-ru verbs must end in "る". Then note that all verbs ending-u sure sound "u", ie "つ", "す", "く", "ぐ", "む", "ぶ", "う", "ぬ", and unfortunately also "る"! If a verb ends "る", but rather "iru" or "pine" (eg "uru"), then clearly he is a verb-u. Well, the remaining cases are also verbs that end in-u "pine" and "iru". There is some-u verbs, and there is no way to distinguish them from regular-ru verbs than by rote. At the end of this chapter, provided a list of some-u verbs are the most common. If you are unsure of a verb, you can always check on Jim Breen's WWWJDIC . There, the marked-ru verbs (v1), while-u verbs ending in "る" marked (v5r).
(By the way, " 死ぬ "is the only verbs that end in"ぬ")
Because consistency in rule-aturanya sound, as time-u verb would be "sound" as verbs, and so does u-ru verbs. In the end, you will be able to categorize a new verb just by hearing without the need to think hard. At least, that the expected goals.
I differentiate verbs with verbs-ru-u
- No end in iru / pine → -u verbs
- Terminated iru / pine → -ru verbs, with a few exceptional cases
|
|
|
Example
Here are some examples of sentences using the verb-ru,-u verbs, and verbs perkeculian.(1)リナは食べる . - About Rina, eat.
(2)ジャヤが遊ぶ . - Jaya is a play.
(3)ギタもする . - Gita also. (4)
お金がある . - There is money. ( lit : no
money. ) (5 ) 私は買う . - All about my
purchase. (6) 猫はいる . - There is a cat. ( lit : Regarding the cat, there is.)
Reference: verbs ending in-u iru / pine
This is a list of common verbs ending in-u "iru" or "pine". The list is divided into three levels to help you focus on the words of the most common first. This list does not contain all -u verbs that exist on earth.| Easy | Intermediate | Continue |
|---|---|---|
| 要る | 焦る | 嘲る |
| 帰る | 限る | 覆る |
| 切る | 蹴る | 遮る |
| しゃべる | 滑る | 罵る |
| 知る | 握る | 捻る |
| 入る | 練る | 翻る |
| 走る | 参る | 滅入る |
| 減る | 交じる | 蘇る |
Deny verbs
Since we've been able to take action with the verb , now we want to be able to say downside. In other words, we want to say that "this" and "it" is not done. In the Indonesian language, we simply use the word "no", for example, from "eating" to "not eat ". In the Japanese, the verb denied with mengkonjugasikannya to the negative form as the adjective . It's just a little more complicated rules.Conjugate the verb to form a negative
Now we will use the classification of verbs that have been studied to make the rules of conjugation. But first, we need to know one very important exception to the rule of the negative verb conjugation of " ある". " ある"is a verb-u is used to declare the existence of inanimate objects and plants.
For example, if you want to say that there are chairs in the room, you would use the verb " ある ". Move equivalent to living things (eg people and animals) is " いる "which is a common-ru verbs. For example, if you want to say that someone was in the room, you should use the verb " いる "and not" ある ". Both of these verbs is " ある "and" いる "quite different from other verbs because they declare the existence and not the actual action. You also have to bother selecting the appropriate verb for inanimate objects and living.
The reason I raised the topic is due to the negative form of " ある "is" ない "(meaning something is not there). Remember, this is an exception so do not use the normal rules of conjugation for this verb.
| Negative form " ある "is" ない ". |
Next we will discuss the rules for other verbs. To deny the ru-verbs, you live dump "る" and add "ない". For the verb-u, maybe it would help if you see romanization of these verbs. You just have to throw vowel "u" and add "termite". Or, a better alternative, you can glance back hiragana table . Take the last hiragana he said, which would be in line "u" in the table, went up to the two columns to replace it with a letter in the line "a". For example "く" will become "か".
Notable exceptions to this rule is the verb ending "う". You need to replace it with "わ", not "あ". You also have to memorize the verb conjugations for the two exceptions and " ある "as we discussed earlier. The following table summarizes the conjugate:
Way of conjugated verbs to form negative
- -ru verbs: To conjugate verbs to form negative-ru, remove "る" at the end of the word and add "ない". 例 ) 见
る→ 见ない例 ) 出る→ 出ない
- -u verbs: To conjugate verbs to form the negative-u, replace the letter sound "u" at the end of the word with a voiced counterpart letters "a" and add "ない". 例 ) 饮
む→ 饮ま → 飲まない例 ) 待つ→ 待た → 待たない ※ One important exception is the verb that ends hiragana "う". To them, change "う" with "わ" ( not "あ") and add "ない". 例 ) 拾う→ 拾わ → 拾わない
- exception verbs (including ある ): See table below.
|
|
|
Example
Here are some example sentences using the negative form. Everything is a repudiation of the previous chapter the example sentence.
(1)リナは食べない . - About Rina, do not
eat. (2)ジャヤが遊ばない . - Jaya is not
playing. (3)ギタもしない . - Gita did not
do. (4) お金がない . - There is no money. ( lit : no
money. ) (5 ) 私は買わない . - All about me, do not
buy. (6) 猫はいない . - There is no cat. ( lit : Regarding the cat, no.)
eat. (2)ジャヤが遊ばない . - Jaya is not
playing. (3)ギタもしない . - Gita did not
do. (4) お金がない . - There is no money. ( lit : no
money. ) (5 ) 私は買わない . - All about me, do not
buy. (6) 猫はいない . - There is no cat. ( lit : Regarding the cat, no.)
Past forms of verbs
Changing verbs into the past tense
Discussion of the fundamental properties of verbs will be completed by learning how to express the action in the past tense and past negative. I need to tell in advance that the rules of conjugation in this chapter is the most complicated rules in Japanese. On the one hand, having mastered the rules here any other conjugation rules would look very easy. But on the other hand, you may need to be flipped through this chapter many times to become familiar with the rules. You may need to practice a lot before adept at using various conjugate.The past tense for the verb-ru
We will start from the easy-ru verbs. To change the verb-ru dictionary form into the shape of the lapse, you live dump "る" and add "た".
To change the verbs into the past tense-ru
- Remove "る" of-ru verbs in question and add "た"
- 例 ) 出
る→ 出た - 例 ) 捨て
る→ 捨てた
Example
(1) ご飯は, 食べた .
- All about food, before eating.
- All about food, before eating.
(2) 映画は, 全部見た .
- About the film, look at all yesterday.
- About the film, look at all yesterday.
Remember that in Indonesian has no past tense verbs. To declare events of the past are clear, the Indonesian language to use tenses such as "yesterday", "this morning", "first", and "time". On the translation of the example, we will be free to choose the information prematurely. Another possibility is to write a description "(past)" after the sentence if it needs to be made clear.
The past tense for the verb-u
Change-u verb dictionary form into the shape of the lapse of difficult because we have to divide again-u verbs into four categories. These four categories depending on the last letter verb. The following table describes the categories. In addition, there is one exception, namely to " 行く". I group them with the exception verb subscription of " する"and" 来る"although" 行く"-u is a regular verb conjugation for all others.
|
|
Example
(1) 今日は, 走った .
- On this day, was running.
- On this day, was running.
(2) 友达が来た .
- Friends are coming today.
- Friends are coming today.
(3) 私も遊んだ .
- I also played at that time.
- I also played at that time.
(4) 勉强は, した .
- Regarding the study, was done.
- Regarding the study, was done.
Past negative forms for all verbs
Conjugated forms of negative past have the same rules for all verbs. You're probably already aware that the negative of everything we have learned always end with "ない". Conjugation rules for verbs past negative form is basically the same as in other negative forms also end in "ない". So from a negative form, discarding "い" from the suffix "ない" and replace with "かった".
To change the verb into negative form of past
- First change the verb into negative form and replace "い" with "かった"
- 例 ) 捨てる → 捨てな
い→ 捨てなたかっ - 例 ) 行く → 行かな
い→ 行かなたかっ
Example
(1)リナはな食べかった .
- About Rina, was not eating.
- About Rina, was not eating.
(2)ジャヤがしなかった .
- Jaya is not doing that yesterday.
- Jaya is not doing that yesterday.
(3)アンドレも行かなかった .
- Andre also did not participate at that time.
- Andre also did not participate at that time.
(4) お金がなかった .
- There was no money.
- There was no money.
(5) 私は買わなかった .
- All about me, then do not buy.
- All about me, then do not buy.
(6) 猫はなかっいた .
- There was no cat. ( lit : the cat, the time did not exist)
- There was no cat. ( lit : the cat, the time did not exist)
For particle verbs
Particles to verbs
In this chapter, we will learn some new particles that are important for the use of verbs . We will learn how to determine the direct object of the verb and the location where the verb occurs.
The direct object particle "を"
The first particle is a particle we will study the object as it is the easiest to understand. The letter "を" attached to the end of a word to indicate that the word is a verb direct object. The letter is arguably never been used for other purposes.Therefore, the equivalent katakananya "ヲ" almost never be found because the particles are always written in hiragana. The letter "を", although it should read "wo", it is generally pronounced as "o" in real conversation. Here are some examples of the use of the direct object particle.
Example
(1) 鱼を食べる .
- Eat fish.
- Eat fish.
- That was drinking juice.
Unlike the concept of the direct object in the Indonesian language, where can also be a direct object motion verbs such as " 歩く "and" 走る ". This means we move through or across the site. Just imagine the "を" object signifies our foot pedal while moving.
(3) 街をぶらぶら歩く .
- Walking along the city aimlessly. ( lit : Walking the city without a goal)
- Walking along the city aimlessly. ( lit : Walking the city without a goal)
(4) 高速道路を走る .
- Run across the street. ( lit : Running highway)
- Run across the street. ( lit : Running highway)
If you use the " する "a noun , the particle "を" can be removed and you can treat the whole [noun + する ] as a verb.
(5) 毎日 , 日本语を勉强する .
- Learn Japanese every day.
- Learn Japanese every day.
(6) アドレスメールを登录した .
- It has been registered email address.
- It has been registered email address.
Target particle "に"
Particles "に" stated target of the verb. This differs from the "を", in which the verb to do something against the direct object. With the "に", the verb to do something to the word that is marked "に". For example, the point of motion verbs are marked with "に".
Example
(1)ジャヤは日本に行った .
- Jaya went to Japan. (Past)
- Jaya went to Japan. (Past)
(2) 家に帰らない .
- Not coming home.
- Not coming home.
(3) 部屋にくる .
- Coming into the room.
- Coming into the room.
Can be seen in example (3) that the target particle always means the goal ("to") and not the origin ("from"). If you want to say for example "comes from", then you need to use "から" which means "from". With the "に", meaning "come to ". "から" is often paired with "まで" which means "until".
(4)イチャは, インドネシアからきた .
- Icha come from Indonesia. (Past)
- Icha come from Indonesia. (Past)
(5) 宿题を今日から明日までする .
- Will do homework from today until tomorrow.
- Will do homework from today until tomorrow.
Target concept in the Japanese language is very general and not restricted to verbs of motion. For example, the location of objects in the Japanese language is the target for the verb of existence ( ある and いる ). Time is also a common target.These are some examples of verbs nongerakan and targets.
(6) 猫は部屋にいる .
- The cat in the room.
- The cat in the room.
(7) 椅子が台所にあった .
- It was a chair in the kitchen.
- It was a chair in the kitchen.
(8) いい友达に会った .
- Yesterday met a good friend.
- Yesterday met a good friend.
(9)リナは医者になる .
- Rina will be a doctor.
- Rina will be a doctor.
(10) 先周に図书馆に行った .
- Go to the library last week.
- Go to the library last week.
Note: Do not forget to use " ある "to plants and inanimate objects such as chairs and" いる "for living things move like a cat.
Although the particle "に" is not always necessary to state the time, there is little difference in meaning between sentences that use it and who does not use anything at all. In the following example, the target particle to be a specific target date so stressed that his friend would go to Japan at that time. Without the particle, there is no special emphasis.
(11) 友达は, 来年 , 日本に行く .
- Next year, a friend will go to Japan.
- Next year, a friend will go to Japan.
(12) 友达は, 来年に日本に行く .
- Friends will go to Japan next year.
- Friends will go to Japan next year.
Particle direction "へ"
Although "へ" is generally pronounced "he", when used as the particles he always pronounced "e". The main difference between the particles "に" and "へ" is that "に" looking at the target as the final destination (either concrete or abstract). On the other hand, "へ" further stating that we are moving in a certain direction, but does not guarantee that it is the final destination. Therefore, "へ" is only used for verbs of motion. In other words, the particle "に" states the target with certainty, while "へ" is more vague about his final destination. For example, if we replace "に" with "へ" on the three samples that had already appeared, the nuance is slightly changed.
Example
(1)ジャヤは日本へ行った .
- Jaya went to the Japanese. (Past)
- Jaya went to the Japanese. (Past)
(2) 家へ帰らない .
- No return to the home.
- No return to the home.
(3) 部屋へくる .
- Coming into the room.
- Coming into the room.
To clarify, for example, we say "The man ran toward the north ". We can say this without needing to know the person's actual purpose. It might, after running a few hundred yards of it was turned to the east because it's where he was going there. This is the essence of "へ" further stating that the direction of movement but does not guarantee anything about the final destination.
We can not use the particle "へ" to verbs that have no physical way. The following example is incorrect:
(误) 医者へなる .
- (version one of " 医者になる ".)
- (version one of " 医者になる ".)
This does not mean "へ" can not be used for abstract concepts. In fact, because the meaning of the vague direction of these particles, "へ" can also be used to discuss future goals and expectations.
(4) 勝ちへ向かう .
- Towards victory.
- Towards victory.
Particle context "で"
Particles "で" lets us express the context of the implementation of the verb. For example, if a person eats the fish, where he ate? Then, if someone goes to school, what he drive away? With the tool do you eat? All questions can be answered by the particle was "で". Here are a few examples.
Example
(1) 映画馆で見た .
- Looking at the cinema.
- Looking at the cinema.
(2) バスで帰る .
- Return by bus.
- Return by bus.
(3) レストランで昼ご飯を食べた .
- That was lunch at the restaurant.
- That was lunch at the restaurant.
Basically, "で" means "the way". But for the place, the Indonesian word is more appropriate is "on".
Using "で" with " 何 "
In Japanese, "what" ( 何 ) is quite annoying because although in general, read "なに", he sometimes reads "なん" depending on usage. Because it is always written using kanji, you can not tell from the writing. To start, I suggest you read "なに" until someone corrects you reading that for the case is "なん". If the attached particles "で", how to read is "なに". (Use the cursor mouse you to check the reading here.)
(4) 何できた ?
- Did come in what way?
- Did come in what way?
(5) バスできた .
- That was coming by bus.
- That was coming by bus.
Here's the confusing part. Japanese "why" is " どうして "or any other version sounds more powerful" なぜ ". However, the most commonly used is a version of his talk is "なんで" written " 何で "! It is a word that stands alone and has nothing to do with the particle "で".
(1) 何できた ?
- Why have you come?
- Why have you come?
(2) 暇だから.
- Because there is free time.
- Because there is free time.
"から" which appears here means "because", different from the "から" which we learned earlier. Full discussion on the chapter combined sentence . The essence of these examples is that the two sentences are written exactly the same could be read differently, and that is also different. Do not worry, the problem is not as it seems because in most cases, how to read the second ("なんで") is more general. And if one wants is "なにで", the context will make clear conversations. Even in this short example that ye may be able to know which way to read the correct answer by looking at the question.
When a topic of place
There are cases when the location of an action is also a topic sentence. You can put the topic particle ("は" and "も") into three particles associated with the location ("に", "へ", "で") as its location is the topic. In the following example we can see how the site can also be a topic.
Example 1
ジャヤ: 学校に行った ?
- (Do you yesterday) to go to school?
- (Do you yesterday) to go to school?
ギタ: 行かなかった .
- No go.
- No go.
ジャヤ: 図书馆には ?
- If the library?
- If the library?
ギタ: 図书馆にも行かなかった .
- The library is also no go.
- The library is also no go.
In this example, Jaya raised the topic of new (library) so that its location is also a topic. The sentence is actually a shortened version of " 図书馆には行った ".
Example 2
アンドレ: どこで食べる ?
- Eat where?
- Eat where?
リナ: イタリアレストランではどう ?
- Bagaimakan if in an Italian restaurant?
- Bagaimakan if in an Italian restaurant?
Here Rina suggested an Italian restaurant. Sentences such as "What if ..." typically raise a new topic because people suggest something new. In this case, the location (restaurant) a suggestion that he become a topic.
When the direct object becomes the topic
Particles in contrast to the direct object particle associated with the place because you can not merge them with other particles. For example, by reading the preceding section you might guess that we can also say "を は" to express the direct object is also a topic. But do not like it. A topic can also be a direct object without using the particle "を". Using the "を" will actually make the sentence incorrect.
Example
(1) 日本语を習う .
- Learning Japanese.
- Learning Japanese.
(2) 日本语は , 習う .
- All about the Japanese language, (will) learn.
- All about the Japanese language, (will) learn.
Do not do the following errors:
(误) 日本语をは , 習う .
- [sentence is wrong.]
- [sentence is wrong.]
Transitive and intransitive verbs
In Japanese, there is sometimes a couple verbs are essentially the same verb is transitive and intransitive . The difference is a transitive verb involves action by the offender while on active intransitive verb action takes place without the direct perpetrators. In Indonesian could be used to distinguish affixes, for example "I dropped the ball" (the perpetrator "I") vs. "Fall ball" (no actors). In the Japanese language has become " ボールを落とした "vs. " ボールが落ちた ". Another example is "put into the box" ( 箱に入れる ) vs. "mailbox" ( 箱に入る ). Can also be used in the Indonesian words for the couple, such as "delete" ( 消す ) vs. "disappears "( 消える ). The most difficult is when the Indonesian used the same word, eg "I opened the door" versus. "door open". Using the Japanese way of thinking, transitive and intransitive verbs are in fact describing the same action. Knowing the term is not important, but you have to know which is which in order to choose the verb and particle benar.Karena and kanjinya same basic meaning, you can learn two verbs with the price of one kanji! Let's see some examples of transitive and intransitive verbs.| Transitive | Intransitive | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 落とす | drop | 落ちる | fall |
| 出す | issue | 出る | exit |
| 入れる | insert | 入る | entry |
| 開ける | open | 開く | open (to open) |
| 閉める | close | 閉まる | close (to be enclosed) |
| 付ける | paste | 付く | attached |
| 消す | remove | 消える | disappear |
| 抜く | remove | 抜ける | dislodged |
Notice of particles!
The most important lesson here is about the correct particle for the verb in question. Course prerequisite is to know whether the verb is transitive or intransitive concerned. In the dictionary WWWJDIC , transitive verbs are marked with "vt" and the intransitive verb is marked "vi". But tagging on WWWJDIC still in progress so it may not yet comprehensive. So I suggest to look at the example sentences of WWWJDIC or Yahoo!辞书 . For example, by looking at the example sentence "付ける "of WWWJDIC and Yahoo!辞书 , did you know that it's because there is a transitive verb particle "を".Example
(1) 私が电気を付けた . - I was the one who lit the lamp.(2)电 気が付いた . - The lights turn on.
(3)电 気を消す . - Turn off the lights.
(4)电 気が消える . - light off.
(5) 谁が窓を開けた ? - Who opened the
window? (6) 窓がどうして開いた ? - Why do the windows open?
The important thing to remember is that intransitive verbs can not have a direct object because there is no direct perpetrators. The following example is grammatically incorrect. (误) 电気
Posts
0 komentar:
Post a Comment
Yoku renshuu shite kudasai ne. Practice it often. Sering-sering berlatih ya